Pretend play is complex and imaginative — elaborate scenarios with different voices and characters. According to Zero to Three, this reflects mature symbolic thinking. They understand colors (might name 1–3), sizes, quantities, and positions. Sorting and matching are developing. Memory is detailed and lasting — they remember specific events from days or weeks ago.
Tantrums peak around 2–3 years. What helps: staying calm, validating feelings, setting firm limits on behavior, and giving comfort when the storm passes. Empathy is real but imperfect — they might comfort a crying friend, then take their toy five minutes later. They understand and test rules to confirm boundaries are real and consistent.
Vocabulary is typically 50–200+ words. The CDC expects at least two-word phrases. Some speak in sentences of 3–5 words. They ask "what's that?" and "where?" constantly. Pronunciation is imperfect — strangers understand about 50%, you understand 80–90%. Certain sounds won't be clear until 3–5 years.